Benny Goodman

 Benjamin David  " Benny "  Goodman [ 1 ] (May 30, 1909 – June 13, 1986) was an American jazz and swing musician, clarinetist and bandleader, known as the "King of Swing".

In the mid-1930s, Benny Goodman led one of the most popular musical groups in America. His January 16, 1938 concert at Carnegie Hall in New York City is described by critic Bruce Eder as "the single most important jazz or popular music concert in history: jazz's 'coming out' party to the world of 'respectable' music."[ 2 ]

Goodman's bands launched the careers of many major names in jazz. During an era of segregation he also led one of the first well-known integrated jazz groups. Goodman continued to perform to nearly the end of his life, while exploring an interest in classical music.

Early years
Goodman was born in Chicago, the ninth of twelve children of poor Jewish immigrants from the lands ruled by the Russian Empire. His father, David Goodman (1873–1926), came to America in 1892 from Warsaw in the partitioned Poland,[ 3 ] and became a tailor.[ 1 ] His mother, Dora nee Grisinsky[ 1 ](1873–1964), came from Kaunas, Lithuania. His parents met in Baltimore, Maryland, and moved to Chicago before Benny was born. They lived in theMaxwell Street neighborhood.[ 4 ]

When Benny was 10, his father enrolled him and two of his older brothers in music lessons at the Kehelah Jacob Synagogue. The next year he joined the boys club band at Jane Addams' Hull House, where he received lessons from director James Sylvester. He also received two years of instruction from the classically trained clarinetist Franz Schoepp.[ 5 ] His early influences were New Orleans jazz clarinetists working in Chicago, notably Johnny Dodds, Leon Roppolo, and Jimmie Noone.[ 4 ] Goodman learned quickly, becoming a strong player at an early age and soon playing professionally in various bands.

Goodman made his professional debut in 1921 at the Central Park Theater on Chicago's West Side and entered Harrison High School in Chicago in 1922. He joined the musicians’ union in 1923 and by 14 was in a band that featured Bix Beiderbecke.[ 6 ] He attended Lewis Institute (now Illinois Institute of Technology) in 1924 as a high school sophomore, while also playing the clarinet in a dance hall band. (He was awarded an honorary LL.D. from IIT in 1968.) When Goodman was 16, he joined one of Chicago's top bands, the Ben Pollack Orchestra, with which he made his first recordings in 1926.<span class="reference" id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_4-2" style="box-sizing:border-box;font-size:0.53em;line-height:0;position:relative;top:-0.5em;">[ 4 ]

<p style="box-sizing:border-box;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:15px;">He made his first record under his own name for Vocalion two years later. Goodman recorded with the regular Pollack band and smaller groups drawn from the orchestra through 1929. The side sessions produced scores of sides recorded for the various dimestore record labels under an array of group names, including Mills' Musical Clowns, Goody's Good Timers, the Hotsy Totsy Gang, Jimmy Backen's Toe Ticklers, Dixie Daisies, and Kentucky Grasshoppers.

<p style="box-sizing:border-box;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:15px;">Goodman's father, David, was a working-class immigrant about whom Benny said (interview, Downbeat, February 8, 1956); "...Pop worked in the stockyards, shoveling lard in its unrefined state. He had those boots, and he'd come home at the end of the day exhausted, stinking to high heaven, and when he walked in it made me sick. I couldn't stand it. I couldn't stand the idea of Pop every day standing in that stuff, shoveling it around".

<p style="box-sizing:border-box;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:15px;">On December 9, 1926, David Goodman was killed in a traffic accident. Benny had recently joined the Pollack band and was urging his father to retire, since he and his brother (Harry) were now doing well as professional musicians. According to James Lincoln Collier, "Pop looked Benny in the eye and said, 'Benny, you take care of yourself, I'll take care of myself.'" Collier continues: "It was an unhappy choice. Not long afterwards, as he was stepping down from a streetcar—according to one story—he was struck by a car. He never regained consciousness and died in the hospital the next day. It was a bitter blow to the family, and it haunted Benny to the end that his father had not lived to see the success he, and some of the others, made of themselves."<span class="reference" id="cite_ref-collier_7-0" style="box-sizing:border-box;font-size:0.53em;line-height:0;position:relative;top:-0.5em;">[ 7 ] "Benny described his father's death as 'the saddest thing that ever happened in our family.'"<span class="reference" id="cite_ref-8" style="box-sizing:border-box;font-size:0.53em;line-height:0;position:relative;top:-0.5em;">[ 8 ]

Career
<p style="box-sizing:border-box;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:15px;">Goodman left for New York City and became a successful session musician during the late 1920s and early 1930s, mostly with Ben Pollack's band between 1926 and 1929. A notable March 21, 1928 Victor session found Goodman alongside Glenn Miller, Tommy Dorsey, and Joe Venuti in the All-Star Orchestra, directed by Nat Shilkret.<span class="reference" id="cite_ref-connorhicks_9-0" style="box-sizing:border-box;font-size:0.53em;line-height:0;position:relative;top:-0.5em;">[ 9 ]<span class="reference" id="cite_ref-shilkret_10-0" style="box-sizing:border-box;font-size:0.53em;line-height:0;position:relative;top:-0.5em;">[ 10 ]<span class="reference" id="cite_ref-stockdale_11-0" style="box-sizing:border-box;font-size:0.53em;line-height:0;position:relative;top:-0.5em;">[ 11 ] He played with the nationally known studio and performing bands of Ben Selvin, Red Nichols, Ted Lewis, and Isham Jones, although he is not on any of Jones' records. He recorded sides for Brunswick under the name Benny Goodman's Boys, a band that featured Glenn Miller. In 1928, Benny Goodman and Glenn Miller wrote the instrumental "Room 1411", which was released as a Brunswick 78.<span class="reference" id="cite_ref-12" style="box-sizing:border-box;font-size:0.53em;line-height:0;position:relative;top:-0.5em;">[ 12 ] He also recorded musical soundtracks for movie shorts; fans believe that Benny Goodman's clarinet can be heard on the soundtrack of One A. M., a Charlie Chaplin comedy re-released to theaters in 1934.

Goodman c. 1970<p style="box-sizing:border-box;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:15px;">During this period as a successful session musician, John Hammond arranged for a series of jazz sides recorded for and issued on Columbiastarting in 1933 and continuing until his signing with Victor in 1935, during his success on radio. There were also a number of commercial studio sides recorded for Melotone Records between late 1930 and mid-1931 under Goodman's name. The all-star Columbia sides featured Jack Teagarden, Joe Sullivan, Dick McDonough, Arthur Schutt, Gene Krupa, Teddy Wilson, Coleman Hawkins (for 1 session), and vocalists Jack Teagarden and Mildred Bailey, and the first two recorded vocals by a young Billie Holiday.

<p style="box-sizing:border-box;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:15px;">In 1934 Goodman auditioned for NBC's Let's Dance, a well-regarded three-hour weekly radio program that featured various styles of dance music. His familiar theme song by that title was based on Invitation to the Dance by Carl Maria von Weber. Since he needed new arrangements every week for the show, John Hammond suggested that he purchase "hot" (swing) arrangements from Fletcher Henderson, a black musician from Atlanta who had New York's most popular African-American band in the 1920s and early 1930s.<span class="reference" id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_4-3" style="box-sizing:border-box;font-size:0.53em;line-height:0;position:relative;top:-0.5em;">[ 4 ]

<p style="box-sizing:border-box;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:15px;">An experienced businessman, Goodman helped Henderson in 1934 when the Henderson band disbanded. He let Henderson write arrangements, that Fletcher, his brother Horace and wife Leora usually copied from his own records, as Fletcher had almost no scores left. The Henderson method usually had been head arrangements. Goodman hired Henderson's band members to teach his musicians how to play the music.<span class="reference" id="cite_ref-13" style="box-sizing:border-box;font-size:0.53em;line-height:0;position:relative;top:-0.5em;">[ 13 ] In 1932, his career officially began with Fletcher Henderson. Although Henderson’s orchestra was at its climax of creativity, it had not reached any peaks of popularity. During the Depression, Fletcher disbanded his orchestra as he was in financial debt.<span class="reference" id="cite_ref-14" style="box-sizing:border-box;font-size:0.53em;line-height:0;position:relative;top:-0.5em;">[ 14 ]

<p style="box-sizing:border-box;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:15px;">In early 1935, Goodman's band was one of three bands (the others were Xavier Cugat and "Kel Murray" [r.n. Murray Kellner]) featured on Let's Dance where they played arrangements by Henderson along with hits such as "Get Happy" and "Jingle Bells" from composer and arranger Spud Murphy.<span class="reference" id="cite_ref-15" style="box-sizing:border-box;font-size:0.53em;line-height:0;position:relative;top:-0.5em;">[ 15 ] Goodman's portion of the program from New York, at 12:30 a.m. Eastern Time, aired too late to attract a large East Coast audience. However, unknown to him, the time slot gave him an avid following on the West Coast (they heard him at 9:30 p.m. Pacific Time). He and his band remained on Let's Dance until May of that year when a strike by employees of the series' sponsor, Nabisco, forced the cancellation of the radio show. An engagement was booked at Manhattan's Roosevelt Grill (filling in for Guy Lombardo), but the crowd there expected 'sweet' music and Goodman's band was unsuccessful.<span class="reference" id="cite_ref-Clarke_16-0" style="box-sizing:border-box;font-size:0.53em;line-height:0;position:relative;top:-0.5em;">[ 16 ] The band set out on a tour of the United States in May 1935, but was still poorly received. By August 1935, Goodman found himself with a band that was nearly broke, disillusioned and ready to quit.

<span class="mw-headline" id="Catalyst_for_the_Swing_era" style="box-sizing:border-box;">Catalyst for the Swing era
An eager crowd of Goodman fans in Oakland<p style="box-sizing:border-box;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:15px;">In July 1935, a record of the Goodman band playing the Henderson arrangements of "King Porter Stomp" backed with "Sometimes I'm Happy",Victor 78 25090, had been released to ecstatic reviews in both Down Beat and Melody Maker.<span class="reference" id="cite_ref-17" style="box-sizing:border-box;font-size:0.53em;line-height:0;position:relative;top:-0.5em;">[ 17 ] Reports were that in Pittsburgh at the Stanley Theater some of the kids danced in the aisles,<span class="reference" id="cite_ref-18" style="box-sizing:border-box;font-size:0.53em;line-height:0;position:relative;top:-0.5em;">[ 18 ] but in general these arrangements had made little impact on the band's tour until August 19 when they arrived in Oakland to play at McFadden's Ballroom.<span class="reference" id="cite_ref-19" style="box-sizing:border-box;font-size:0.53em;line-height:0;position:relative;top:-0.5em;">[ 19 ] There, Goodman and his artists Gene Krupa, Bunny Berigan, and Helen Wardfound a large crowd of young dancers, raving and cheering the hot music they had heard on the Let's Dance radio show.<span class="reference" id="cite_ref-20" style="box-sizing:border-box;font-size:0.53em;line-height:0;position:relative;top:-0.5em;">[ 20 ] Herb Caen wrote that "from the first note, the place was in an uproar."<span class="reference" id="cite_ref-21" style="box-sizing:border-box;font-size:0.53em;line-height:0;position:relative;top:-0.5em;">[ 21 ] One night later, at Pismo Beach, the show was another flop, and the band thought the overwhelming reception in Oakland had been a fluke.<span class="reference" id="cite_ref-Clarke_16-1" style="box-sizing:border-box;font-size:0.53em;line-height:0;position:relative;top:-0.5em;">[ 16 ]

<p style="box-sizing:border-box;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:15px;">The next night, August 21, 1935 at the Palomar Ballroom in Los Angeles, Goodman and his band began a three-week engagement. On top of theLet's Dance airplay, Al Jarvis had been playing Goodman records on KFWB radio, and Los Angeles fans were primed to hear him in person.<span class="reference" id="cite_ref-22" style="box-sizing:border-box;font-size:0.53em;line-height:0;position:relative;top:-0.5em;">[ 22 ]Goodman started the evening with stock arrangements, but after an indifferent response, began the second set with the arrangements by Fletcher Henderson and Spud Murphy. According to Willard Alexander, the band's booking agent, Krupa said "If we're gonna die, Benny, let's die playing our own thing."<span class="reference" id="cite_ref-Spink_23-0" style="box-sizing:border-box;font-size:0.53em;line-height:0;position:relative;top:-0.5em;">[ 23 ] The crowd broke into cheers and applause. News reports spread word of the enthusiastic dancing and exciting new music that was happening.<span class="reference" id="cite_ref-Clarke_16-2" style="box-sizing:border-box;font-size:0.53em;line-height:0;position:relative;top:-0.5em;">[ 16 ]

<p style="box-sizing:border-box;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:15px;">The Palomar engagement was such a marked success it is often described as the beginning of the swing era.<span class="reference" id="cite_ref-Clarke_16-3" style="box-sizing:border-box;font-size:0.53em;line-height:0;position:relative;top:-0.5em;">[ 16 ] Donald Clarke wrote "It is clear in retrospect that the Swing Era had been waiting to happen, but it was Goodman and his band that touched it off."<span class="reference" id="cite_ref-Clarke_16-4" style="box-sizing:border-box;font-size:0.53em;line-height:0;position:relative;top:-0.5em;">[ 16 ]

<p style="box-sizing:border-box;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:15px;">In November 1935 Goodman accepted an invitation to play in Chicago at the Joseph Urban Room at the Congress Hotel. His stay there extended to six months and his popularity was cemented by nationwide radio broadcasts over NBC affiliate stations. While in Chicago, the band recorded If I Could Be With You, Stompin' At The Savoy, and Goody, Goody.<span class="reference" id="cite_ref-Clarke_16-5" style="box-sizing:border-box;font-size:0.53em;line-height:0;position:relative;top:-0.5em;">[ 16 ] Goodman also played three special concerts produced by jazz aficionado and Chicago socialite Helen Oakley. These "Rhythm Club" concerts at the Congress Hotel included sets in which Goodman and Krupa sat in with Fletcher Henderson's band, perhaps the first racially integrated big band appearance before a paying audience in the United States.<span class="reference" id="cite_ref-Clarke_16-6" style="box-sizing:border-box;font-size:0.53em;line-height:0;position:relative;top:-0.5em;">[ 16 ] Goodman and Krupa played in a trio with Teddy Wilson on piano. Both combinations were well-received, and Wilson stayed on.

<p style="box-sizing:border-box;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:15px;">In his 1935–1936 radio broadcasts from Chicago, Goodman was introduced as the "Rajah of Rhythm."<span class="reference" id="cite_ref-Spink_23-1" style="box-sizing:border-box;font-size:0.53em;line-height:0;position:relative;top:-0.5em;">[ 23 ] Slingerland Drum Company had been calling Krupa the "King of Swing" as part of a sales campaign, but shortly after Goodman and crew left Chicago in May 1936 to spend the summer filming The Big Broadcast of 1937 in Hollywood, the title "King of Swing" was applied to Goodman by the media.<span class="reference" id="cite_ref-Clarke_16-7" style="box-sizing:border-box;font-size:0.53em;line-height:0;position:relative;top:-0.5em;">[ 16 ] Goodman left record company RCA for Columbia, following his agent and soon to be brother-in-law John Hammond.

<p style="box-sizing:border-box;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:15px;">At the end of June 1936, Goodman went to Hollywood, where, on June 30, 1936 his band began CBS's "Camel Caravan," its third, and, according to Connor and Hicks, its greatest of them all, sponsored radio show, co-starring Goodman and his old boss Nat Shilkret.<span class="reference" id="cite_ref-connorhicks_9-1" style="box-sizing:border-box;font-size:0.53em;line-height:0;position:relative;top:-0.5em;">[ 9 ]<span class="reference" id="cite_ref-shilkret_10-1" style="box-sizing:border-box;font-size:0.53em;line-height:0;position:relative;top:-0.5em;">[ 10 ] By spring, 1936, bandleader Fletcher Henderson was writing arrangements for Goodman's band.<span class="reference" id="cite_ref-bennygoodman.com_6-1" style="box-sizing:border-box;font-size:0.53em;line-height:0;position:relative;top:-0.5em;">[ 6 ]

<span class="mw-headline" id="Carnegie_Hall_concert" style="box-sizing:border-box;">Carnegie Hall concert
<p style="box-sizing:border-box;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:15px;">In late 1937, Goodman's publicist Wynn Nathanson attempted a publicity stunt by suggesting Goodman and his band should play Carnegie Hall in New York City. If this concert were to take place, then Benny Goodman would be the first jazz bandleader to perform at Carnegie Hall. "Benny Goodman was initially hesitant about the concert, fearing for the worst; however, when his filmHollywood Hotel opened to rave reviews and giant lines, he threw himself into the work. He gave up several dates and insisted on holding rehearsals inside Carnegie Hall to familiarize the band with the lively acoustics."<span class="reference" id="cite_ref-Joyce-carnegie-hall_24-0" style="box-sizing:border-box;font-size:0.53em;line-height:0;position:relative;top:-0.5em;">[ 24 ]

<p style="box-sizing:border-box;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:15px;">The concert was the evening of January 16, 1938. It sold out weeks before, with the capacity 2,760 seats going for the top price of US$2.75 a seat, for the time a very high price.<span class="reference" id="cite_ref-Joyce-carnegie-hall_24-1" style="box-sizing:border-box;font-size:0.53em;line-height:0;position:relative;top:-0.5em;">[ 24 ] The concert began with three contemporary numbers from the Goodman band—"Don't Be That Way," "Sometimes I'm Happy," and "One O'Clock Jump." They then played a history of jazz, starting with a Dixieland quartet performing "Sensation Rag", originally recorded by the Original Dixieland Jazz Band in 1918. Once again, initial crowd reaction, though polite, was tepid. Then came a jam session on "Honeysuckle Rose" featuring members of the Count Basie and Duke Ellington bands as guests. (The surprise of the session: Goodman handing a solo to Basie's guitarist Freddie Green who was never a featured soloist but earned his reputation as the best rhythm guitarist in the genre—he responded with a striking round of chord improvisations.) As the concert went on, things livened up. The Goodman band and quartet took over the stage and performed the numbers that had already made them famous. Some later trio and quartet numbers were well-received, and a vocal on "Loch Lomond" by Martha Tilton provoked five curtain calls and cries for an encore. The encore forced Goodman to make his only audience announcement for the night, stating that they had no encore prepared but that Martha would return shortly with another number.<span class="reference" id="cite_ref-25" style="box-sizing:border-box;font-size:0.53em;line-height:0;position:relative;top:-0.5em;">[ 25 ]

<p style="box-sizing:border-box;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:15px;">By the time the band got to the climactic piece "Sing, Sing, Sing", success was assured. This performance featured playing by tenor saxophonist Babe Russin, trumpeter Harry James, and Benny Goodman, backed by drummer Gene Krupa. When Goodman finished his solo, he unexpectedly gave a solo to pianist Jess Stacy. "At the Carnegie Hall concert, after the usual theatrics, Jess Stacy was allowed to solo and, given the venue, what followed was appropriate," wrote David Rickert. "Used to just playing rhythm on the tune, he was unprepared for a turn in the spotlight, but what came out of his fingers was a graceful, impressionistic marvel with classical flourishes, yet still managed to swing. It was the best thing he ever did, and it's ironic that such a layered, nuanced performance came at the end of such a chaotic, bombastic tune."<span class="reference" id="cite_ref-rickert-benny-goodman-sing-sing-sing_26-0" style="box-sizing:border-box;font-size:0.53em;line-height:0;position:relative;top:-0.5em;">[ 26 ]

<p style="box-sizing:border-box;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:15px;">This concert has been regarded as one of the most significant in jazz history. After years of work by musicians from all over the country, jazz had finally been accepted by mainstream audiences. Recordings were made of this concert, but even by the technology of the day the equipment used was not of the finest quality. Acetate recordings of the concert were made, and aluminum studio masters were also cut.<span class="reference" id="cite_ref-Joyce-carnegie-hall_24-2" style="box-sizing:border-box;font-size:0.53em;line-height:0;position:relative;top:-0.5em;">[ 24 ] <p style="box-sizing:border-box;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;">The recording was produced by Albert Marx as a special gift for his wife, Helen Ward and a second set for Benny. He contracted Artists Recording Studio to make 2 sets. Artists Recording only had 2 turntables so they farmed out the second set to Raymond Scott's recording studio.

<p style="box-sizing:border-box;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;">[...]

It was Benny's sister-in-law who found the recordings in Benny's apartment [in 1950] and brought them to Benny's attention.—Ross Firestone<span class="reference" id="cite_ref-27" style="box-sizing:border-box;font-size:0.6em;line-height:0;position:relative;top:-0.5em;">[ 27 ]<p style="box-sizing:border-box;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:15px;">Goodman took the newly discovered recording to his record company, Columbia, and a selection was issued on LP. These recordings have not been out of print since they were first issued. In early 1998, the aluminum masters were rediscovered and a new CD set of the concert was released based on these masters. The album released based on those masters went on to be one of the best selling live jazz albums of all time.<span class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="box-sizing:border-box;font-size:0.53em;line-height:0;position:relative;top:-0.5em;white-space:nowrap;">[<span data-title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2012)" style="box-sizing:border-box;">citation needed]

<span class="mw-headline" id="Charlie_Christian" style="box-sizing:border-box;">Charlie Christian
<p style="box-sizing:border-box;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:15px;">Pianist/arranger Mary Lou Williams<span class="reference" id="cite_ref-28" style="box-sizing:border-box;font-size:0.53em;line-height:0;position:relative;top:-0.5em;">[ 28 ] was a good friend of both Columbia records producer John Hammond and Benny Goodman. She first suggested to John Hammond that he see Charlie Christian.<span class="reference" id="cite_ref-29" style="box-sizing:border-box;font-size:0.53em;line-height:0;position:relative;top:-0.5em;">[ 29 ] <p style="box-sizing:border-box;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;">Charlie Christian was playing at the Ritz in Oklahoma City where [...] John Hammond heard him in 1939. Hammond recommended him to Benny Goodman, but the band leader wasn't interested. The idea of an electrified guitar didn't appeal, and Goodman didn't care for Christian's flashy style of dressing. Reportedly, Hammond personally installed Christian onstage during a break in a Goodman concert in Beverly Hills. Irritated to see Christian among the band, Goodman struck up "Rose Room", not expecting the guitarist to know the tune. What followed amazed everyone who heard the 45-minute performance.<span class="reference" id="cite_ref-30" style="box-sizing:border-box;font-size:0.53em;line-height:0;position:relative;top:-0.5em;">[ 30 ] <p style="box-sizing:border-box;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;">Charlie was a hit on the electric guitar and remained in the Benny Goodman Sextet for two years (1939–1941). He wrote many of the group's head arrangements (some of which Goodman took credit for) and was an inspiration to all. The sextet made him famous and provided him with a steady income while Charlie worked on legitimizing, popularizing, revolutionizing, and standardizing the electric guitar as a jazz instrument.<span class="reference" id="cite_ref-duke1_31-0" style="box-sizing:border-box;font-size:0.53em;line-height:0;position:relative;top:-0.5em;">[ 31 ] <p style="box-sizing:border-box;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:15px;">Charlie Christian's recordings and rehearsal dubs made with Benny Goodman in the early forties are widely known and were released by Columbia.

<span class="mw-headline" id="Beyond_swing" style="box-sizing:border-box;">Beyond swing
<p style="box-sizing:border-box;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:15px;">Goodman continued his meteoric rise throughout the late 1930s with his big band, his trio and quartet, and a sextet. By the mid 1940s, however, big bands had lost much of their popularity. In 1941, ASCAP had a licensing war with music publishers. In 1942 to 1944 and 1948, the musicians' union went on strike against the major record labels in the United States, and singers took the spot in popularity that the big bands had once enjoyed. During this strike, the War Department approached the union and requested the production of the V-Disc, a set of records containing new and fresh music for soldiers to listen to.<span class="reference" id="cite_ref-32" style="box-sizing:border-box;font-size:0.53em;line-height:0;position:relative;top:-0.5em;">[ 32 ] Also, by the late 1940s, swing was no longer the dominant mode of jazz musicians.<span class="reference" id="cite_ref-33" style="box-sizing:border-box;font-size:0.53em;line-height:0;position:relative;top:-0.5em;">[ 33 ]

<span class="mw-headline" id="Bebop.2C_cool_jazz" style="box-sizing:border-box;">Bebop, cool jazz
<p style="box-sizing:border-box;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:15px;">By the 1940s, jazz musicians were borrowing advanced ideas from classical music. The recordings Goodman made in bop style for Capitol Records were highly praised by jazz critics. When Goodman was starting a bebop band, he hired Buddy Greco, Zoot Sims, Wardell Gray and a few other modern players.<span class="reference" id="cite_ref-schoenberg_34-0" style="box-sizing:border-box;font-size:0.53em;line-height:0;position:relative;top:-0.5em;">[ 34 ]

Benny Goodman (third from left) in 1952 with some of his former musicians, seated around piano left to right:Vernon Brown, George Auld, Gene Krupa, Clint Neagley,Ziggy Elman, Israel Crosby and Teddy Wilson (at piano)<p style="box-sizing:border-box;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;">Pianist/arranger Mary Lou Williams had been a favorite of Benny's since she first appeared on the national scene in 1936 [...]. [A]s Goodman warily approached the music of [Charlie] Parker and [Dizzy] Gillespie, he turned to Williams for musical guidance. [...] Pianist Mel Powell was the first to introduce the new music to Benny in 1945, and kept him abreast to what was happening around 52nd Street.

—Schoenberg<span class="reference" id="cite_ref-schoenberg_34-1" style="box-sizing:border-box;font-size:0.6em;line-height:0;position:relative;top:-0.5em;">[ 34 ]<p style="box-sizing:border-box;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:15px;">Goodman enjoyed the bebop and cool jazz that was beginning to arrive in the 1940s. When Goodman heard Thelonious Monk, a celebrated pianist and accompanist to bop players Charlie Parker, Dizzy Gillespie and Kenny Clarke, he remarked, "I like it, I like that very much. I like the piece and I like the way he played it. [...] I think he's got a sense of humor and he's got some good things there."<span class="reference" id="cite_ref-schoenberg_34-2" style="box-sizing:border-box;font-size:0.53em;line-height:0;position:relative;top:-0.5em;">[ 34 ] <p style="box-sizing:border-box;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;">Benny had heard this Swedish clarinet player named Stan Hasselgard playing bebop, and he loved it ... So he started a bebop band. But after a year and a half, he became frustrated. He eventually reformed his band and went back to playing Fletcher Henderson arrangements. Benny was a swing player and decided to concentrate on what he does best.

—Nate Guidry<span class="reference" id="cite_ref-35" style="box-sizing:border-box;font-size:0.6em;line-height:0;position:relative;top:-0.5em;">[ 35 ]<p style="box-sizing:border-box;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:15px;">By 1953, Goodman completely changed his mind about bebop. "Maybe bop has done more to set music back for years than anything [...] Basically it's all wrong. It's not even knowing the scales. [...] Bop was mostly publicity and people figuring angles."<span class="reference" id="cite_ref-36" style="box-sizing:border-box;font-size:0.53em;line-height:0;position:relative;top:-0.5em;">[ 36 ]

<span class="mw-headline" id="Forays_into_classical_repertoire" style="box-sizing:border-box;">Forays into classical repertoire
<p style="box-sizing:border-box;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:15px;">Goodman's first classical recording dates from April 25, 1938 when he recorded Mozart's Clarinet Quintet in A major, K. 581, with the Budapest Quartet. After his bop period, Goodman furthered his interest in classical music written for the clarinet, and frequently met with top classical clarinetists of the day. In 1946, he met Ingolf Dahl, an emigre classical composer on the faculty of theUniversity of Southern California, who was then musical director of the Victor Borge show. They played chamber music together (Brahms, Milhaud, Hindemith, Debussy) and in 1948 Goodman played in the world premiere performance of Dahl's Concerto a Tre.<span class="reference" id="cite_ref-37" style="box-sizing:border-box;font-size:0.53em;line-height:0;position:relative;top:-0.5em;">[ 37 ] <p style="box-sizing:border-box;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;">In 1949, when he was 40, Goodman decided to study with Reginald Kell, one of the world's leading classical clarinetists. To do so, he had to change his entire technique: instead of holding the mouthpiece between his front teeth and lower lip, as he had done since he first took a clarinet in hand 30 years earlier, Goodman learned to adjust his embouchure to the use of both lips and even to use new fingering techniques. He had his old finger calluses removed and started to learn how to play his clarinet again—almost from scratch.<span class="reference" id="cite_ref-38" style="box-sizing:border-box;font-size:0.53em;line-height:0;position:relative;top:-0.5em;">[ 38 ] <p style="box-sizing:border-box;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:15px;">Clarinetists all over the world are indebted to Goodman for his being singly responsible for having commissioned many major works of twentieth century chamber music for clarinet and small ensembles as well as compositions for clarinet and symphony orchestra that are now standard repertoire in the field of classical performance. He also gave premiere performances of other works written by leading composers in addition to the pieces he commissioned, namely Contrasts by Béla Bartók, Clarinet Concerto No. 2, Op. 115 by Malcolm Arnold, Derivations for Clarinet and Band byMorton Gould, Sonata for clarinet and piano by Francis Poulenc, and Aaron Copland's Clarinet Concerto. While Leonard Bernstein's Prelude, Fugue, and Riffs was commissioned for Woody Herman's big band, it was premiered by Goodman. Woody Herman was the dedicatee (1945) and first performer (1946) of Igor Stravinsky's Ebony Concerto, but many years later Stravinsky made another recording, this time with Benny Goodman as the soloist.<span class="reference" id="cite_ref-39" style="box-sizing:border-box;font-size:0.53em;line-height:0;position:relative;top:-0.5em;">[ 39 ]

<p style="box-sizing:border-box;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:15px;">He made a further recording of Mozart's Clarinet Quintet, in July 1956 with the Boston Symphony String Quartet, at the Berkshire Festival; on the same occasion he also recorded Mozart's Clarinet Concerto in A major, K. 622, with the Boston Symphony Orchestra under Charles Munch. He also recorded the clarinet concertos of Weber and Carl Nielsen.<span class="reference" id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_4-4" style="box-sizing:border-box;font-size:0.53em;line-height:0;position:relative;top:-0.5em;">[ 4 ]

<p style="box-sizing:border-box;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:15px;">Other recordings of classical repertoire by Goodman are:<span class="reference" id="cite_ref-40" style="box-sizing:border-box;font-size:0.53em;line-height:0;position:relative;top:-0.5em;">[ 40 ]


 * Premiere Rhapsodie for Clarinet by Claude Debussy
 * Clarinet Sonata No. 2 in E flat by Johannes Brahms
 * Rondo from Grand Duo Concertant in E flat by Weber, and
 * An arrangement by Simeon Bellison of Beethoven's Variations on a theme from Mozart's "Don Giovanni".

<span class="mw-headline" id="Touring_with_Armstrong" style="box-sizing:border-box;">Touring with Armstrong
<p style="box-sizing:border-box;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:15px;">After forays outside of swing, Goodman started a new band in 1953. According to Donald Clarke, this was not a happy time for Goodman.

Goodman with his band and singer, Peggy Lee, in the filmStage Door Canteen (1943)<p style="box-sizing:border-box;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;">In 1953 Goodman re-formed his classic band for an expensive tour with Louis Armstrong's All Stars that turned into a famous disaster. He managed to insult Armstrong at the beginning; then he was appalled at the vaudeville aspects of Louis's act [...] a contradiction of everything Goodman stood for. —Donald Clarke<span class="reference" id="cite_ref-Clarke_16-8" style="box-sizing:border-box;font-size:0.6em;line-height:0;position:relative;top:-0.5em;">[ 16 ]==== Movies ====

Goodman in Stage Door Canteen (1943)<p style="box-sizing:border-box;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:15px;">Benny Goodman's band appeared as a specialty act in major musical features, including The Big Broadcast of 1937, Hollywood Hotel (1938),Syncopation (1942), The Powers Girl (1942), Stage Door Canteen (1943), The Gang's All Here (1943), Sweet and Low-Down (1944) and A Song Is Born(1948). Goodman's only starring feature was Sweet and Low-Down (1944).

<p style="box-sizing:border-box;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:15px;">Goodman's success story was told in the 1955 motion picture The Benny Goodman Story<span class="reference" id="cite_ref-41" style="box-sizing:border-box;font-size:0.53em;line-height:0;position:relative;top:-0.5em;">[ 41 ] with Steve Allen and Donna Reed. A Universal-International production, it was a follow up to 1954's successful The Glenn Miller Story. The screenplay was heavily fictionalized, but the music was the real draw. Many of Goodman's professional colleagues appear in the film, including Ben Pollack, Gene Krupa, Lionel Hampton and Harry James. A special appearance was made by Goodman's mentor; New Orleans jazz legend Kid Ory, who was actually glad that Benny remembered him.

<span class="mw-headline" id="Personality_and_influence" style="box-sizing:border-box;">Personality and influence
Benny Goodman's star on Hollywood Walk of Fame.<p style="box-sizing:border-box;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:15px;">Goodman was regarded by some as a demanding taskmaster, by others an arrogant and eccentric martinet. Many musicians spoke of "The Ray",<span class="reference" id="cite_ref-42" style="box-sizing:border-box;font-size:0.53em;line-height:0;position:relative;top:-0.5em;">[ 42 ] Goodman's trademark glare that he bestowed on a musician who failed to perform to his demanding standards. Guitarist Allan Reuss incurred the maestro's displeasure on one occasion, and Goodman relegated him to the rear of the bandstand, where his contribution would be totally drowned out by the other musicians. Vocalists Anita O'Day and Helen Forrest spoke bitterly of their experiences singing with Goodman.<span class="reference" id="cite_ref-Firestone_296.2C_301.E2.80.93302.2C_401_43-0" style="box-sizing:border-box;font-size:0.53em;line-height:0;position:relative;top:-0.5em;">[ 43 ] "The twenty or so months I spent with Benny felt like twenty years," said Forrest. "When I look back, they seem like a life sentence." At the same time, there are reports that he privately funded several college educations and was sometimes very generous, though always secretly. When a friend once asked him why, he reportedly said, "Well, if they knew about it, everyone would come to me with their hand out."<span class="reference" id="cite_ref-Firestone_296.2C_301.E2.80.93302.2C_401_43-1" style="box-sizing:border-box;font-size:0.53em;line-height:0;position:relative;top:-0.5em;">[ 43 ] <p style="box-sizing:border-box;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;">"As far as I'm concerned, what he did in those days—and they were hard days, in 1937—made it possible for Negroes to have their chance in baseball and other fields."

—Lionel Hampton on Benny Goodman<span class="reference" id="cite_ref-44" style="box-sizing:border-box;font-size:0.6em;line-height:0;position:relative;top:-0.5em;">[ 44 ]<p style="box-sizing:border-box;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:15px;">Goodman is also responsible for a significant step in racial integration in America. In the early 1930s, black and white jazz musicians could not play together in most clubs or concerts. In the Southern states, racial segregation was enforced by the Jim Crow laws. Benny Goodman broke with tradition by hiring Teddy Wilson to play with him and drummer Gene Krupa in the Benny Goodman Trio. In 1936, he added Lionel Hamptonon vibes to form the Benny Goodman Quartet; in 1939 he added pioneering jazz guitarist Charlie Christian to his band and small ensembles, who played with him until his death from tuberculosis less than three years later. This integration in music happened ten years before Jackie Robinson became the first black American to enter Major League Baseball. "[Goodman's] popularity was such that he could remain financially viable without touring the South, where he would have been subject to arrest for violating Jim Crow laws."<span class="reference" id="cite_ref-45" style="box-sizing:border-box;font-size:0.53em;line-height:0;position:relative;top:-0.5em;">[ 45 ] According to Jazz by Ken Burns, when someone asked him why he "played with that nigger" (referring to Teddy Wilson), Goodman replied, "I'll knock you out if you use that word around me again".

<span class="mw-headline" id="John_Hammond_and_Alice_Goodman" style="box-sizing:border-box;">John Hammond and Alice Goodman
<p style="box-sizing:border-box;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:15px;">One of Benny Goodman's closest friends off and on, from the 1930s onward was celebrated Columbia records producer John H. Hammond, who influenced Goodman's move from Victor to Columbia records in 1939.<span class="reference" id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_4-5" style="box-sizing:border-box;font-size:0.53em;line-height:0;position:relative;top:-0.5em;">[ 4 ]

<p style="box-sizing:border-box;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:15px;">Benny Goodman married Hammond's sister Alice Frances Hammond (1913–1978) on Friday, March 20, 1942.<span class="reference" id="cite_ref-46" style="box-sizing:border-box;font-size:0.53em;line-height:0;position:relative;top:-0.5em;">[ 46 ] They had two daughters, Benjie and Rachel. Alice was previously married to British politician Arthur Duckworth, from whom she obtained a divorce.<span class="reference" id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_4-6" style="box-sizing:border-box;font-size:0.53em;line-height:0;position:relative;top:-0.5em;">[ 4 ]

<p style="box-sizing:border-box;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:15px;">Both daughters studied music, though neither was as successful as their father.

<p style="box-sizing:border-box;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:15px;">Hammond had encouraged Goodman to integrate his band, persuading him to employ pianist Teddy Wilson. But Hammond's tendency to interfere in the musical affairs of Goodman's and other bands led to Goodman pulling away from him. In 1953 they had another falling-out during Goodman's ill-fated tour with Louis Armstrong, which was produced by John Hammond.<span class="reference" id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_4-7" style="box-sizing:border-box;font-size:0.53em;line-height:0;position:relative;top:-0.5em;">[ 4 ]

<p style="box-sizing:border-box;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:15px;">Goodman appeared on a 1975 PBS salute to Hammond but remained at a distance. In the 1980s, following the death of Alice Goodman, John Hammond and Benny Goodman, both by then elderly, reconciled. On June 25, 1985, Goodman appeared at Avery Fisher Hall in New York City for "A Tribute to John Hammond".<span class="reference" id="cite_ref-wilson-tribute_47-0" style="box-sizing:border-box;font-size:0.53em;line-height:0;position:relative;top:-0.5em;">[ 47 ]

<span class="mw-headline" id="Later_years" style="box-sizing:border-box;">Later years
Benny Goodman in concert in Nuremberg, Germany (1971)<p style="box-sizing:border-box;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:15px;">After winning numerous polls over the years as best jazz clarinetist, Goodman was inducted into the Down Beat Jazz Hall of Fame in 1957.

<p style="box-sizing:border-box;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:15px;">Goodman continued to play on records and in small groups. One exception to this pattern<span class="noprint Inline-Template" style="box-sizing:border-box;font-size:0.53em;line-height:0;position:relative;top:-0.5em;white-space:nowrap;">[<span data-title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (February 2013)" style="box-sizing:border-box;">clarification needed]  was a collaboration with George Benson in the 1970s. The two met when they taped a PBS salute to John Hammond and re-created some of the famous Goodman-Charlie Christian duets.<span class="reference" id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_4-8" style="box-sizing:border-box;font-size:0.53em;line-height:0;position:relative;top:-0.5em;">[ 4 ]

<p style="box-sizing:border-box;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:15px;">Benson later appeared on several tracks of a Goodman album released as "Seven Come Eleven." In general Goodman continued to play in the swing style he was most known for. He did, however, practice and perform classical clarinet pieces and commissioned compositions for clarinet. Periodically he would organize a new band and play a jazz festival or go on an international tour.

<p style="box-sizing:border-box;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:15px;">Despite increasing health problems, he continued to play until his death from a heart attack in New York City in 1986 at the age of 77, in his home at Manhattan House, 200 East 66th Street. A longtime resident of Stamford, Connecticut, Benny Goodman is interred in the Long Ridge Cemetery in Stamford.<span class="reference" id="cite_ref-48" style="box-sizing:border-box;font-size:0.53em;line-height:0;position:relative;top:-0.5em;">[ 48 ] The same year, Goodman was honored with the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award.<span class="reference" id="cite_ref-49" style="box-sizing:border-box;font-size:0.53em;line-height:0;position:relative;top:-0.5em;">[ 49 ] Benny Goodman's musical papers were donated to Yale University after his death.<span class="reference" id="cite_ref-pbs-biography_5-1" style="box-sizing:border-box;font-size:0.53em;line-height:0;position:relative;top:-0.5em;">[ 5 ]

<p style="box-sizing:border-box;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:15px;">Goodman received honorary doctorates from Union College, University of Illinois, Southern Illinois University Edwardsville,<span class="reference" id="cite_ref-50" style="box-sizing:border-box;font-size:0.53em;line-height:0;position:relative;top:-0.5em;">[ 50 ] Bard College, Columbia University, Yale University, and Harvard University.<span class="reference" id="cite_ref-bennygoodman.com_6-2" style="box-sizing:border-box;font-size:0.53em;line-height:0;position:relative;top:-0.5em;">[ 6 ]

<p style="box-sizing:border-box;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:15px;">He is a member of the National Association of Broadcasters Hall of Fame in the radio division.<span class="reference" id="cite_ref-51" style="box-sizing:border-box;font-size:0.53em;line-height:0;position:relative;top:-0.5em;">[ 51 ]

<p style="box-sizing:border-box;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:15px;">His music was featured in the 2010 documentary Jews and Baseball: An American Love Story, narrated by Academy Award winner Dustin Hoffman.<span class="reference" id="cite_ref-latimes1_52-0" style="box-sizing:border-box;font-size:0.53em;line-height:0;position:relative;top:-0.5em;">[ 52 ]<span class="reference" id="cite_ref-jewsandbaseball1_53-0" style="box-sizing:border-box;font-size:0.53em;line-height:0;position:relative;top:-0.5em;">[ 53 ]<span class="reference" id="cite_ref-54" style="box-sizing:border-box;font-size:0.53em;line-height:0;position:relative;top:-0.5em;">[ 54 ]

<p style="box-sizing:border-box;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:15px;">In August 2014, WordPress, the free and open source blogging tool and a content management system (CMS) named Version 4.0 “Benny” in his honor.<span class="reference" id="cite_ref-wordpress.org_55-0" style="box-sizing:border-box;font-size:0.53em;line-height:0;position:relative;top:-0.5em;">[ 55 ]

Discography
<p style="box-sizing:border-box;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:15px;">(This discography combines LP and CD reissues of Goodman recordings under the dates of the original 78 rpm recordings through about 1950)

<p style="box-sizing:border-box;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;"> Compilations
 * Benny Goodman and the Giants of Swing (1929, Prestige)
 * BG and Big Tea in NYC (1929, GRP)
 * Swinging 34 Vols. 1 & 2 (1934, Melodean)
 * Sing, Sing, Sing (1935, Bluebird)
 * The Birth of Swing (1935, Bluebird)
 * Original Benny Goodman Trio and Quartet Sessions, Vol. 1: After You've Gone (1935, Bluebird)
 * Stomping at the Savoy (1935, Bluebird)
 * Air Play (1936, Doctor Jazz)
 * Roll 'Em, Vol. 1 (1937, Columbia)
 * Roll 'Em, Vol. 2 (1937, CBS)
 * The Complete RCA Victor Small Group Recordings (RCA Victor, 1935-39 [1997])
 * From Spirituals to Swing (1938, Vanguard)
 * The Famous 1938 Carnegie Hall Jazz Concert Vols. 1, 2, & 3 (Live) (1938, Columbia)
 * Mozart Clarinet Quintet (with Budapest String Quartet) (1938, Victor)
 * Ciribiribin (Live) (1939, Giants of Jazz)
 * Swingin' Down the Lane (Live) (1939, Giants of Jazz)
 * Featuring Charlie Christian (1939, Columbia)
 * Eddie Sauter Arrangements (1940, Columbia)
 * Swing into Spring (1941, Columbia)
 * Undercurrent Blues (1947, Blue Note)
 * Swedish Pastry (1948, Dragon)
 * The Famous 1938 Carnegie Hall Jazz Concert (1950, Columbia)
 * Benny Goodman Sextet (1944, Columbia)
 * BG in Hi-fi (1954, Capitol)
 * The Benny Goodman Story Volume 1 (1955?, Decca)
 * Mozart Clarinet concerto (with Boston symphony) (1956)
 * The Great Benny Goodman (1956, Columbia)
 * Peggy Lee Sings with Benny Goodman (1957, Harmony)
 * Benny in Brussels Vols. 1 & 2 (1958, Columbia)
 * In Stockholm 1959 (1959, Phontastic)
 * The Benny Goodman Treasure Chest (1959, MGM)
 * Texaco's Swing into Spring 59 (1959, Cunningham & Walsh, Inc.)
 * Swing With Benny Goodman And His Orchestra (1960s?, Columbia/Harmony)
 * Benny Goodman in Moscow (1962, RCA Victor)
 * Benny Goodman Today (London Records of (1970) Canada Ltd.)
 * Benny Goodman And His Orchestra (1977)
 * Benny Goodman Live at Carnegie Hall; 40th Anniversary Concert (1978)
 * Live! Benny Let's Dance (1986)
 * The King Swings Star Line
 * The Benny Goodman Sextet Featuring Charlie Christian: 1939–1941
 * Pure Gold (1992)
 * 1935–1938 (1998)
 * Portrait of Benny Goodman (Portrait Series) (1998)
 * Carnegie Hall Jazz Concert '38 (1998)
 * Bill Dodge All-star Recording (1999)
 * 1941–1955 His Orchestra and His (1999)
 * Live at Carnegie Hall (1999)
 * Carnegie Hall: The Complete Concert (2006) Remastered again


 * A Jazz Holiday (1973, Decca)

<span class="mw-headline" id="Noted_sidemen" style="box-sizing:border-box;">Noted sidemen

 * Ralph Patt (1929-2010), jazz guitarist who toured with Goodman